| Autogyros sans stabilisateurs horizontaux |
(Flying
autogyros without horizontal stabilizers.) From the air he gave
a big wave, a big smile, kicked his legs out, flew backwards and
even took a picture of the crowd below.
Wing Comdr. Wallis lives at nearby Reymerston Hall and is best
known for inventing Little Nellie, the autogyro which flew in
the Bond movie 'You Only Live Twice'. He still holds around 20
world records and despite his age, is considering trying to win
some back which he has lost to other pilots. After landing Zeus
III, Wing Comdr. Wallis said there had been no question of aborting
his plans to fly into the Wallis Days due to winds gusting at
around 15 knots - and recalled times when he had been up in seriously
bad weather.
"No way!" was his reaction when asked about postponement.
"Weather doesn't bother me. In 1966 there was a storm in Brazil
and the authorities would not let any planes in or out. They said
no plane would survive it and palm trees were being broken out
of the ground.
"But I flew a prototype gyroplane which is the elder sister of
Little Nellie."*2
-> Official Wallis Website
Note: gyroplane airframes can be adversely affected by a horizontal
stabilizer set downward to counter a nose heavy machine.
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First some history on the gyroplane design. Looking
at old photos of the gyroplane, called the autogiro (autogyro) we can
see that they looked exactly like an aeroplane with a rotor blade on
top much like a helicopter rotor. Later the main wings were removed
from the design as they were unnecessary for flight. (Reference book
available: P.W. Brooks, Cierva Autogiros: The Development of Rotary-Wing
Flight.)
The purpose of a horizontal stabilizer on a "pusher powered"
gyroplane is to make it easier for inexperienced gyroplane pilots to
fly the gyroplane in windy conditions. Many experienced gyroplane pilots
have flown for years making trim adjustments automatically. New pilots
having to think and react, find learning to fly without a horizontal
stabilizer very difficult. On a "pusher" gyro the horizontal
stabilizer is fixed, meaning it has no pilot input controls. An aeroplane
does have control surfaces on the horizontal tail stabilizers. A horizontal
stabilizer only works for positive effect during fast forward motion
of the gyroplane. It has some effect on landing when positioned directly
center on center with a rearward facing propeller. However, normally,
gyroplane landings are accomplished in a parachute style setting down
of the airframe and flare. Many gyroplane pilots execute aeroplane style
landings which are dangerous on unknown grass surfaces. Such landings
can, and do result in dangerous nose up or down situations.
see video
A study of flying without a horizontal stabilizer is a must for this
discussion. Lets look at the "Feral* Gyrocopter" flown by
a man in Oz. "Birdy" uses an open frame gyrocopter to "muster" cattle
on a large ranch in Australia. His machine uses only a vertical tail
and no horizontal stabilzer. He has been flying many years. A study
of his flying technique: see videos
part 1. Note the tail area of the gyrocopter. Watch his foot in
the turns in video
part 2.
It's interesting to note that the American inventor of the affordable
gyroplane, Igor Bensen, did put a small stabilizer on his designs that
was below the propeller, not behind.
It was also of a specific design and size. Mr. Bensen is considered
to be the inventor of the 'pusher-prop' style of gyroplane design, he
trademarked as a 'gyrocopter'.*1 Later designs by other manufacturers
of gyroplanes have been experimenting with bigger and bigger horizontal
stabilizers placed behind the propeller in positions ranging from the
top of the vertical tail fin to the bottom of the vertical tail fin.
Some designs put the horizontal stabilizer in place of the vertical
tail fin and add two vertical tail fins on either side of the horizontal
stabilizer. All of these more recent designs are counter to the Bensen
design. The noticeable difference would be that the Bensen design would
force air over the top of the horizontal stabilizer where as the other
designs use prop wash above and below the stabilizer 'wing'.
Is there a 'best postion' to mount a horizontal stabilizer when positioning
it behind the propeller? Yes, and not where you think. Placed between
the tip of the propeller blades and the center of the propeller thrustline
would give the best airflow over most of the horizontal stabilizer.*3
So, what is the one big danger of horizontal stabilizers on gyroplanes?
That would be in a situation of low forward air speed, close to the
ground (landing) and receiving an unexpected gust of wind to the side
of the gyroplane. Why would that be a problem? It wouldn't be a problem
if the gyroplane airframe is allowed to vane and face the gust of wind.
However the automatic response would be to try and correct the direction
of the gyroplane, which in turn would cause the airframe to roll over
on it's side. This is due to three things happening. First is a large
horizontal stabilizer receiving pressure from below. Second is that
the prop wash coming off the propeller is not like a cooling fan at
home, it's coming off in a cork screw fashion. In sideways gusty conditions
it would add to the upward horizontal stabilizer force into a roll over
situation. Done quickly enough it would be too fast to counter. Did
you ever try to carry a sheet of plywood across the yard to the house
on a windy day? It's not difficult to see the effect of a sudden gust
of wind below a large horizontal surface.
This happened to a pilot recently in Perth, Australia. On take off a
gust of wind to side of the gyro caused it to loose control and flip
on it's side. The man was injured and the gyro was a "write-off". December
18, 2011.
The final danger is twisting the rotor blade 'plane'. You know what
happens to a spinning vertical bicycle wheel (gyro effect) when you
suddenly try to tilt it in a large movement, it flips dramatically 90
degrees horixontal and 45 degrees to the direction of spin (try it).
The smaller the tail area, the bigger wind gusts it can handle, the
larger the tail area the less stable it will be in gusty wind conditions.
- "Food for thought".
--> Side slipping
The number one fact to remember with gyroplanes is that you're really
flying the rotor disc above your head. Be knowledgable about it, and
it will behave properly for you.
--> Piet's
first flight
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